{"id":3357,"date":"2025-06-16T11:41:29","date_gmt":"2025-06-16T11:41:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/blog\/safety-of-lithium-ion-batteries-materials\/"},"modified":"2025-07-23T03:20:23","modified_gmt":"2025-07-23T03:20:23","slug":"safety-of-lithium-ion-batteries-materials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/pt\/blog\/safety-of-lithium-ion-batteries-materials\/","title":{"rendered":"The safety of lithium-ion batteries from the perspective of battery materials"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" class=\"wp-image-3352\" src=\"https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/bf1c570ad0794cce918eb9e4c38b2ecd.webp\" alt=\"The safety of lithium-ion batteries from the perspective of battery materials\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/bf1c570ad0794cce918eb9e4c38b2ecd.webp 1200w, https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/bf1c570ad0794cce918eb9e4c38b2ecd-768x432.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fonte da imagem: <a href=\"https:\/\/pexels.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">pexels<\/a><\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Lithium-ion batteries have revolutionized industries from mobile electronics and power tools to light electric vehicles, electric cars, and energy storage systems. However, despite their commercial success, safety concerns remain a major barrier to their broader application. Even in small consumer electronics, safety incidents involving lithium-ion batteries are still reported regularly. Ensuring battery safety is not only essential for user protection but is also a key prerequisite for the continued growth of the lithium battery industry.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Principais conclus\u00f5es<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\r\n<p>The materials in lithium-ion batteries affect how safe they are. Picking the right ones can stop problems like fires or overheating.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are safer in high heat. They handle temperatures up to 275\u00b0C, making them useful for many things.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Solid-state electrolytes are a big improvement. They use solid stuff instead of flammable liquids, cutting fire risks and making batteries more stable.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>New designs, like safety reinforced layers (SRL), have made explosions much less common. Explosion rates dropped from 63% to 10%, showing how better materials help safety.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Future studies focus on safer, non-flammable materials and recycling. These ideas aim to make batteries safer and help the planet too.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Role of Safety Testing Standards<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>To protect both personal safety and property, comprehensive safety testing is essential for lithium-ion batteries. Over the years, a global framework of safety testing protocols has been established. The leading international bodies involved in lithium battery safety standards include:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Underwriters Laboratories <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ul.com\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>(UL 1642)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>United Nations <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/unece.org\/transport\/dangerous-goods\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>(UN) Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iec.ch\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC Projects)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Among these, only UL provides a formal <strong>UR certification mark<\/strong> for batteries that pass its standards. Many safety tests developed by other organizations are either adaptations or direct adoptions of UL\u2019s testing procedures.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Categories of Safety Tests<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Modern lithium-ion battery safety tests can be grouped into four main categories, each simulating potential abuse conditions that may occur during use, transport, or storage:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\r\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><colgroup><col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/><col style=\"min-width: 25px;\" \/><\/colgroup>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Group<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Main Tests<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p><strong>Electrical<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Overcharge, overdischarge, high-temperature storage, external short circuit, forced discharge<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p><strong>Mechanical<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Drop, impact, nail penetration, shock, crush, vibration, acceleration<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p><strong>Thermal<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Flame exposure, hot plate, thermal shock, heat baths<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p><strong>Environmental<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Decompression, high altitude, immersion, fungus resistance, high humidity\/high temp tests (e.g., 4h@85\u00b0C)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>All lithium-ion battery safety tests are designed to simulate potential abuse conditions that may occur during transport, storage, or real-world usage. For example:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Nail penetration tests<\/strong> simulate internal short-circuit conditions.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Overcharge tests<\/strong> replicate scenarios where the protection circuit fails.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Environmental tests<\/strong> such as <strong>decompression<\/strong> and <strong>altitude simulations<\/strong> mimic conditions during air transportation or usage in high-altitude environments.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>These tests are critical for identifying how a battery reacts under abnormal or extreme conditions, helping manufacturers evaluate and mitigate safety risks.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>It is evident that safety tests vary significantly in difficulty. <strong>Environmental tests<\/strong> are generally easier for lithium-ion batteries to pass, and <strong>external short-circuit tests<\/strong> on small batteries also pose minimal challenge. However, certain tests are much more demanding\u2014particularly those that cause the battery\u2019s internal temperature to rise dramatically. As the internal temperature increases, it can trigger or accelerate <strong>chemical reactions<\/strong> within the battery. These reactions release more heat, causing the temperature to rise further. If this feedback loop continues unchecked, it can result in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy19osti\/73367.pdf\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>thermal runaway<\/strong><\/a>\u2014a dangerous condition that may lead to <strong>fire, explosion, or catastrophic battery failure<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The most difficult safety tests typically include:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Overcharge tests without mechanical safeguards<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Thermal oven exposure at 150\u00b0C for 120 minutes<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>External short-circuit tests<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Nail penetration<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Crush or impact tests<\/strong> (e.g., blunt force impact on cylindrical cells)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Battery Capacity: A Critical Factor in Safety Performance<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Beyond the inherent difficulty of safety test protocols, <strong>battery capacity<\/strong> plays a crucial role in determining whether a lithium-ion cell can pass these tests. The larger the capacity, the more heat is generated and accumulated during abuse scenarios\u2014greatly increasing the risk of safety failures such as thermal runaway.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Today\u2019s commercial lithium-ion batteries used in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/979\/consumer-electronics\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>consumer electronics<\/strong><\/a> are typically small and low in capacity. These batteries tend to pass safety tests more easily, and even when failures occur, the resulting damage or injury is usually limited. This relatively low-risk profile has supported their widespread adoption in mobile phones, laptops, and other portable devices.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>In contrast, <strong>large-capacity lithium-ion batteries<\/strong>\u2014such as those used in:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Electric motorcycles and scooters<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/energy-storage\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Energy storage modules and utility-scale storage systems<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>face significantly greater challenges in meeting the same safety standards. The thermal and mechanical stress during testing is amplified by the battery\u2019s size and energy density, making failure more likely and more dangerous.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Moreover, <strong>the consequences of a safety incident involving high-capacity batteries can be severe<\/strong>, including large-scale fires, explosions, equipment loss, and safety hazards to both users and facilities. This makes advanced safety design and rigorous testing not just important\u2014but essential\u2014in these applications.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Understanding Internal Reactions: The Root Cause of Lithium-Ion Battery Safety Risks<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" class=\"wp-image-3353\" src=\"https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/09823c0643514ae49e7c3b06ccebb8e9.webp\" alt=\"Safety Concerns in Lithium-Ion Batteries\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/09823c0643514ae49e7c3b06ccebb8e9.webp 1200w, https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/09823c0643514ae49e7c3b06ccebb8e9-768x432.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fonte da imagem: <a href=\"https:\/\/pexels.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">pexels<\/a><\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>At its core, the safety challenges associated with lithium-ion batteries stem from <strong>internal heat generation and accumulation<\/strong>. If the heat produced during operation or abuse conditions cannot be efficiently dissipated, the battery\u2019s internal temperature will rise uncontrollably. This rising temperature, in turn, accelerates electrochemical and side reactions inside the cell, ultimately triggering <strong>thermal runaway<\/strong> \u2014 a dangerous event that can lead to <strong>fire, explosion, or catastrophic failure<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Three Major Sources of Heat Inside a Lithium-Ion Battery<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The internal heat generated during battery operation comes primarily from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1876610217362276\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">three sources:<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Reversible Heat from Electrochemical Reactions<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>This is associated with entropy changes in the battery\u2019s redox reactions.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Although this heat is part of normal energy conversion, it can contribute to overall temperature rise.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Irreversible Heat from Internal Resistance and Polarization<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Includes ohmic losses and electrochemical polarization.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>These losses are present even during standard charge-discharge cycles and increase under high current or aging conditions.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Heat from Side Reactions<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>This is the most critical in terms of safety.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Occurs when unwanted chemical reactions take place between battery components\u2014often triggered by high temperature, overcharge, or internal damage.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>These reactions are <strong>exothermic<\/strong> and can rapidly accelerate the temperature rise inside the cell.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Five Key Sources of Heat from Side Reactions (C-type Heat)<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The third category\u2014heat from side reactions\u2014plays a central role in battery safety incidents. These exothermic reactions are primarily responsible for triggering thermal runaway. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0378775398002407\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">The five main contributors include:<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Even under <strong>normal charge and discharge conditions<\/strong>, the first two sources of heat (A and B)\u2014reversible and irreversible heat\u2014are always present and generally manageable through thermal design and energy management systems. However, <strong>when heat from side reactions (Category C)<\/strong> is triggered, the situation can quickly escalate into a <strong>serious safety hazard<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The heat from side reactions originates from five primary mechanisms:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Decomposition of Cathode Materials<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Certain cathode chemistries (e.g., NCM, NCA) release oxygen at elevated temperatures, which then oxidizes the electrolyte.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Electrolyte Oxidation at the Cathode<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Under high voltage or elevated temperatures, organic solvents in the electrolyte may oxidize violently.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Thermal Decomposition of Electrolyte<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>Organic solvents (such as <a href=\"https:\/\/Ethylene Carbonate (EC) on PubChem\" target=\"_self\">EC<\/a>, DEC, DMC) begin to decompose, releasing flammable gases.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Decomposition of the SEI Layer on the Anode<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>The Solid Electrolyte Interphase<a href=\"https:\/\/MIT Battery Research - SEI\" target=\"_self\">(SEI)<\/a>, normally stable, breaks down under heat or overcharge conditions, leading to further reactivity.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Electrolyte Reduction at the Anode<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>High reactivity at the lithium or carbon anode surface can trigger reduction reactions with the electrolyte.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Due to significant differences in the <strong>onset conditions<\/strong> and <strong>heat generation<\/strong> associated with side reactions (Category C heat), depending on the <strong>cathode materials<\/strong>, <strong>anode materials<\/strong>, and <strong>electrolyte systems<\/strong>, this area has become a critical focus in lithium-ion battery safety research. Understanding these variations is essential, as they directly influence the battery\u2019s thermal stability and risk of thermal runaway.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>To investigate the thermal behavior of these reactions, <strong>Ph. Biensan et al.<\/strong> conducted a series of experiments using <strong>Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)<\/strong>. Their study systematically analyzed the exothermic reactions that occur within lithium-ion batteries under abuse conditions. The findings are summarized in <strong>Table<\/strong>, which outlines the heat release and temperature ranges associated with different material combinations and reaction stages.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\r\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><colgroup><col style=\"width: 139px;\" \/><col style=\"width: 275px;\" \/><col style=\"width: 88px;\" \/><col style=\"width: 211px;\" \/><\/colgroup>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Temperature Range (\u00b0C)<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Reaction<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Energy (J\/g)<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Descri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p>\r\n<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>110\u2013150<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Li\u2093C\u2086 + electrolyte<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>350<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Rupture of passivation layer<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>130\u2013180<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Fusion separator P.E.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>\u2013190<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Endothermic<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>160\u2013190<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Fusion separator P.P.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>\u201390<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Endothermic<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>180\u2013500<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/Materials Project - LiNiO2\" target=\"_self\">Decomposition of Li\u2080.\u2083NiO\u2082 + electrolyte<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>600<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Oxygen emission peak T \u2248 200\u00b0C<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>220\u2013500<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Decomposition of Li\u2080.\u2084\u2085CoO\u2082 + electrolyte<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>450<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Oxygen emission peak T \u2248 230\u00b0C<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>150\u2013300<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Decomposition of Li\u2080.\u2081Mn\u2082O\u2084 + electrolyte<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>450<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Oxygen emission T \u2248 300\u00b0C<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>130\u2013220<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Solvents + LiPF\u2086<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>250<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Low energy<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>240\u2013350<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Li\u2093C\u2086\/PVDF binder (rinsed)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>1500<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Violent-propagation<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>660<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Fusion of aluminium<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>\u2013395<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\r\n<p>Endothermic<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Thermal Reactions Inside Lithium-Ion Batteries<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" class=\"wp-image-3354\" src=\"https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/b1c5bd81210046ebbf7cec02419f6cc9.webp\" alt=\"Advances in Battery Materials for Safety\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/b1c5bd81210046ebbf7cec02419f6cc9.webp 1200w, https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/b1c5bd81210046ebbf7cec02419f6cc9-768x432.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fonte da imagem: <a href=\"https:\/\/pexels.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">pexels<\/a><\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cathode Materials<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>On the cathode side, the primary thermal reactions involve the decomposition of active materials and the oxidation of organic solvents. Among them, the oxidation of organic solvents releases a significant amount of heat, which can potentially lead to thermal runaway of the battery.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Dahn et al. found in their study that <strong>Li\u2080.\u2085CoO\u2082<\/strong> decomposes at elevated temperatures, forming <strong>LiCoO\u2082<\/strong>, <strong>Co\u2083O\u2084<\/strong>, and <strong>oxygen gas (O\u2082)<\/strong>. Subsequently, <strong>Co\u2083O\u2084<\/strong> further decomposes into <strong>CoO<\/strong> and <strong>O\u2082<\/strong>. The oxygen released from the cathode materials reacts with the organic solvents, generating <strong>CO\u2082<\/strong> and <strong>H\u2082O<\/strong>. The following equations describe the high-temperature reaction processes between <strong>Li\u2080.\u2085CoO\u2082<\/strong> and <strong>EC (ethylene carbonate)<\/strong> proposed by Dahn:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Eq.1:<\/strong><br \/>Li\u2080.\u2085CoO\u2082 \u2192 0.5LiCoO\u2082 + (1\/6)Co\u2083O\u2084 + (1\/6)O\u2082<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Eq.2:<\/strong><br \/>Co\u2083O\u2084 \u2192 3CoO + (1\/2)O\u2082<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Eq.3:<\/strong><br \/>(5\/2)O\u2082 + C\u2083H\u2084O\u2083 \u2192 3CO\u2082 + 2H\u2082O<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>At elevated temperatures, <strong>charged lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO\u2082)<\/strong> and <strong>lithium manganese oxide (LiMn\u2082O\u2084)<\/strong> also decompose and release oxygen. Their decomposition reactions are as follows:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Eq.4:<\/strong><br \/>Li\u2093NiO\u2082 \u2192 Li\u2093NiO\u2082\u208b\u2093 + (1\/2 \u2212 x\/2)O\u2082<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Eq.5:<\/strong><br \/>Mn\u2082O\u2084 + (2\/5)C\u2083H\u2084O\u2083 \u2192 2MnO + (6\/5)CO\u2082 + (4\/5)H\u2082O<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Anode Materials<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Currently, graphite-based materials are the mainstream anode materials, so safety research is mostly limited to these carbonaceous materials. On the anode side, the primary reactions include the decomposition of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer, reduction of organic solvents, and reactions between LiC\u2086 and the binder.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Dahn et al. studied the thermal behavior of the anode using Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) and demonstrated that the SEI film on the anode surface begins to thermally decompose at approximately 100\u2013130\u00b0C. They proposed the corresponding decomposition reaction equations as follows:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Eq.6:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>(CH\u2082\u200bOCO\u2082\u200bLi)\u2082\u200b \u2192 Li\u2082\u200bCO\u2083 \u200b+ C\u2082\u200bH\u2084 \u200b+ CO\u2082 \u200b+ (2\/1)\u200bO\u2082<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><strong>Eq.7:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>2Li + (CH\u2082\u200bOCO\u2082\u200bLi)\u2082 \u200b\u2192 2Li\u2082\u200bCO\u2083 \u200b+ C\u2082\u200bH\u2084\u200b<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>After the SEI film is compromised, the electrolyte directly contacts LiC\u2086, where the solvents are reduced to lithium alkyl carbonates and small gaseous molecules such as CO, CO\u2082, and C\u2082H\u2082, releasing a significant amount of heat.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>If the temperature continues to rise, the anode active material will react with the binder. When polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is used as the binder, it reacts with LiC\u2086 to form substances such as lithium fluoride (LiF). Ph. Biensan et al., through Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), found that the intensity of this reaction is directly related to the presence of electrolyte, as shown in <strong>Figure<\/strong>. Without electrolyte, the reaction releases a large amount of heat; with electrolyte present, the reaction between LiC\u2086 and electrolyte releases more heat than the reaction with PVDF. The strength of this reaction depends on the amount of PVDF present.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Du Pasquire et al. discovered that replacing pure PVDF with a PVDF+HFP (hexafluoropropylene) mixture reduces the heat generated by the reaction between the binder and LiC\u2086 by 23%. H. Maleki et al. found that using phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin as a binder results in almost negligible heat generation from the binder-LiC\u2086 reaction.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"378\" height=\"219\" class=\"wp-image-3355\" src=\"https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/c00a173790f64094bd696fa5fcebe1fc.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"qc-p2-tag\" style=\"color: #808080;\">DSC curves of LiC\u2086\/PVDF and LiC\u2086\/Electrolyte<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Safety Evaluation Criteria for Electrode Materials<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The anode materials in lithium-ion batteries are primarily graphite-based, which have very similar structures. Therefore, their safety characteristics are almost linearly correlated with their specific surface area. For cathode materials, although safety is also related to specific surface area and particle size to some extent, the structural characteristics have a more significant impact on performance. Below are several methods mentioned in the literature for assessing the safety of cathode materials.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>1. Oxygen Retention Capability (at High Temperature)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Clearly, the ability to retain oxygen in the charged state can be considered an important indicator of cathode material safety. Ph. Biensan and colleagues from Saft used Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to study the thermal behavior of various cathode materials. They found that lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO\u2082) has the poorest oxygen retention capability, starting to lose oxygen at around 200\u00b0C; lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO\u2082) performs slightly better, losing oxygen at approximately 290\u00b0C; and spinel lithium manganese oxide (LiMn\u2082O\u2084) exhibits the best oxygen retention, with oxygen loss beginning only near 290\u00b0C. Modified lithium nickel oxide shows oxygen retention comparable to that of spinel lithium manganese oxide.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>As for LiFePO\u2084, Whittingham et al. discovered that its charged state FePO\u2084 is an orthorhombic metastable phase that irreversibly transforms into a trigonal \u03b1-quartz-structured FePO\u2084 above 450\u00b0C. However, this transformation is very slow, and even at 500\u00b0C it is not complete. Within the tested temperature range, no oxygen loss was detected for LiFePO\u2084.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Based on this oxygen retention criterion, the safety ranking of cathode materials is:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>LiFePO\u2084 &gt; LiMn\u2082O\u2084 &gt; LiCoO\u2082 &gt; LiNiO\u2082<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>2. Thermal Stability<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The thermal stability between charged cathode materials and the electrolyte solvent is an important criterion for assessing battery safety. Jiang et al. studied the thermal stability of charged LiNi\u2080.\u2081Co\u2080.\u2088Mn\u2080.\u2081O\u2082, LiFePO\u2084, and LiCoO\u2082 in contact with electrolyte solvents using an Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC). Figure 1-2 shows the thermal behavior of these samples charged to 4.3 V when immersed in an EC\/DMC solvent mixture.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>It is evident that the ternary cathode material (LiNi\u2080.\u2081Co\u2080.\u2088Mn\u2080.\u2081O\u2082) exhibits better thermal stability than LiCoO\u2082, while LiFePO\u2084 shows significantly superior thermal stability compared to the ternary material. Jiang also confirmed that when simply heating the EC\/DMC mixture alone, an endothermic peak appears around 320\u00b0C, indicating that FePO\u2084 likely did not undergo any reaction within the test temperature range.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Based on this thermal stability criterion, the materials rank as follows:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>LiFePO\u2084 &gt; LiNi\u2080.\u2081Co\u2080.\u2088Mn\u2080.\u2081O\u2082 &gt; LiCoO\u2082<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1029\" height=\"786\" class=\"wp-image-3356\" src=\"https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/5e649ee17b814808b848b0d540d8887c.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/5e649ee17b814808b848b0d540d8887c.png 1029w, https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/5e649ee17b814808b848b0d540d8887c-768x587.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1029px) 100vw, 1029px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"qc-h5-tag\" style=\"color: #808080;\">Comparison of the thermal stability of charged LiFePO\u2084, LiNi\u2080.\u2081Co\u2080.\u2088Mn\u2080.\u2081O\u2082, and LiCoO\u2082<\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>3. Oxygen Retention Capability During Charging<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The tendency of cathode materials to release oxygen during the charging process is also a critical factor affecting battery safety. Manthiram et al. reported that <strong>Li\u2093CoO\u2082<\/strong> tends to lose lattice oxygen as lithium ions are extracted. In contrast, <strong>Li\u2093Ni\u2080.\u2088\u2085Co\u2080.\u2081\u2085O\u2082<\/strong> maintains its oxygen content as long as <em>x \u2265 0.3<\/em>. <strong>Li\u2093Mn\u2082O\u2084<\/strong> retains its oxygen stoichiometry (O:4) across a wide range of lithium content (<em>0.15 \u2264 x \u2264 1<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>For <strong>Li\u2093FePO\u2084<\/strong>, oxygen loss does not occur even when <em>x = 0<\/em>. Additionally, its crystal structure is stabilized by PO\u2084 tetrahedral chains located between Fe\u2013O layers. This structural feature minimizes volume change during lithium extraction, which contributes to the excellent cycling stability of LiFePO\u2084 and its low likelihood of structural collapse.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Based on this criterion, the cathode materials\u2019 safety ranking is:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>LiFePO\u2084 &gt; LiMn\u2082O\u2084 &gt; LiNi\u2080.\u2088\u2085Co\u2080.\u2081\u2085O\u2082 &gt; LiCoO\u2082<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>4. Oxidation Capability Toward Electrolytes<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The oxidative reactivity of cathode materials toward electrolyte solvents is another important parameter in evaluating safety. Dr. Weihe Kong and colleagues at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, analyzed the gas production of different cathode materials\u2014<strong>LiCoO\u2082<\/strong>, <strong>LiMn\u2082O\u2084<\/strong>, and <strong>LiFePO\u2084<\/strong>\u2014as an indicator of their oxidative strength.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Each battery was charged to <strong>5.0 V<\/strong>, and the evolved gases were collected and analyzed via <strong>GC-MS<\/strong>. All three materials produced <strong>acetylene (C\u2082H\u2082)<\/strong>, but <strong>CO\u2082<\/strong>\u2014a typical oxidation byproduct of organic solvents\u2014was not detected in the LiFePO\u2084-based cell. A small amount of CO\u2082 was found in the LiMn\u2082O\u2084 cell, while a large quantity of CO\u2082 was detected in the LiCoO\u2082 cell.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Since the oxidation of organic solvents involves dehydrogenation and oxygenation, the results suggest that:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>LiFePO\u2084 &gt; LiMn\u2082O\u2084 &gt; LiCoO\u2082<\/strong><br \/>in terms of safety, with LiFePO\u2084 showing the weakest oxidative reactivity toward electrolytes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>These evaluation methods for cathode material safety do not present any contradictions, which suggests that they are all valid criteria for assessing thermal safety. Based on the results discussed above, the general safety ranking of commonly used cathode materials is as follows:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>LiFePO\u2084 &gt; LiMn\u2082O\u2084 &gt; LiNi\u2080.\u2088\u2085Co\u2080.\u2081\u2085O\u2082 &gt; LiCoO\u2082 &gt; LiNiO\u2082<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>For <strong>Li-Ni-Co-Mn-O<\/strong> layered cathode materials (NCMs), their safety performance depends on the ratio of nickel, cobalt, and manganese. Typically, high-nickel compositions are associated with <strong>higher energy density but lower thermal stability<\/strong>, while high-manganese compositions tend to exhibit <strong>better safety characteristics<\/strong>. Therefore, the safety of NCM materials is generally considered to lie <strong>between that of LiCoO\u2082 and LiMn\u2082O\u2084<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"qc-h2-tag\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The materials used in <strong>lithium-ion batteries<\/strong> are fundamental to their overall <strong>safety and thermal stability<\/strong>. From cathode chemistry to electrolytes and binders, each component plays a critical role in minimizing risks such as <strong>overheating, fire, or thermal runaway<\/strong>. Based on several safety metrics\u2014such as oxygen retention, thermal stability, and electrolyte reactivity\u2014the relative safety ranking of mainstream cathode materials is: <strong>LiFePO\u2084 &gt; LiMn\u2082O\u2084 &gt; LiNi\u2080.\u2088\u2085Co\u2080.\u2081\u2085O\u2082 &gt; LiCoO\u2082 &gt; LiNiO\u2082<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>At the same time, <strong>innovations in battery materials<\/strong> are reshaping the landscape. The development of <strong>solid-state electrolytes<\/strong>, improved binders, and next-generation cathode materials is making <strong>lithium-ion batteries safer and more reliable for everyday applications<\/strong>\u2014from electric vehicles to industrial energy storage. Researchers worldwide are continuing to explore <strong>safer battery designs<\/strong> that protect people, reduce environmental impact, and meet the growing demands of modern industries.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>With these ongoing advancements, the future of <strong>battery safety<\/strong> is bright, and material science will remain at the heart of this transformation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PERGUNTAS FREQUENTES<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why are lithium-ion batteries safer than older ones?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Lithium-ion batteries use better materials like stable cathodes. They also have separators with ceramic coatings. These features help stop overheating and short circuits. They are safer and work better than older batteries.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Can lithium-ion batteries catch fire easily?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>No, they don\u2019t catch fire often. But damage or too much heat can make them burn. Safer materials, like solid-state electrolytes, lower this risk a lot.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How do solid-state electrolytes make batteries safer?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Solid-state electrolytes use solid materials instead of flammable liquids. This removes fire risks and stops bad chemical reactions. They also block dendrites that cause short circuits.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Are lithium-ion batteries safe for electric cars?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Yes, they are safe for electric cars. Companies use materials like lithium iron phosphate to handle heat. These batteries are tested carefully to ensure safety.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What should you do if a lithium-ion battery gets too hot?<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>If a battery overheats, stop using it right away. Place it in a safe spot away from flammable things. Let it cool down and don\u2019t touch it until an expert checks it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Veja tamb\u00e9m<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/blog\/soft-pack-vs-cylindrical-batteries-for-drones\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Evaluating Soft Pack Versus Cylindrical Batteries For Drones<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.herewinpower.com\/blog\/choose-suitable-drone-battery-manufacturer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Selecting The Right Manufacturer For Your Drone Batteries<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Discover how battery materials like cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes impact the safety of lithium-ion batteries, reducing risks like overheating and fires.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3352,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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